Other names for the additive (synonyms)
General Information
Food additive E967 (xylitol) is used in the food industry as a sweetener, humectant, stabilizer, and emulsifier.
Xylitol is a naturally occurring sugar alcohol that is present in small amounts in many fruits, berries, vegetables, and mushrooms, as well as in the fibers of hardwood trees (birch, beech). In the human body, xylitol is also produced in small quantities as an intermediate product of carbohydrate metabolism.
Xylitol was discovered at the end of the 19th century almost simultaneously in Germany and France as a natural sugar alcohol derived from wood. Its widespread practical use began in the mid-20th century, particularly during World War II, when it was used as an alternative sweetener in countries experiencing sugar shortages. Further research revealed its low impact on blood glucose levels and its ability to reduce the risk of dental caries, which contributed to the broad adoption of xylitol in the food industry and dental products in the second half of the 20th century.
Xylitol has the chemical formula C5H12O5 and appears as white crystalline solids with a sweetness level nearly identical to that of sucrose. It dissolves well in water and produces a characteristic cooling effect upon dissolution due to heat absorption. Xylitol is thermally stable and does not caramelize when heated.
On an industrial scale, food additive E967 is most commonly produced from renewable xylan-rich sources, such as hardwood (especially birch and beech) or agricultural by-products like corn cobs.
Effects on the Body
Benefits of Additive E967
Food additive E967 is considered safe for humans when consumed in moderation. Since xylitol is not readily fermented by cariogenic bacteria, it effectively reduces dental plaque formation and the risk of caries. It also stimulates saliva production, which helps cleanse the oral cavity, neutralize acids, and strengthen tooth enamel.
Xylitol has a very low glycemic index, and therefore does not cause sharp increases in blood glucose or insulin levels. Food additive E967 contains approximately 40% fewer calories than regular sugar, which may support weight management.
Risks of Additive E967
Although xylitol (food additive E967) is considered a safe sweetener when consumed in moderation, it may cause certain side effects when consumed in excessive amounts, particularly affecting the digestive system. A number of studies have shown that due to incomplete absorption in the small intestine, excessive intake may lead to bloating, gas, diarrhea, and intestinal discomfort (above approximately 30–50 g/day).
According to Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011, foods containing more than 10% added polyols (including xylitol), permitted under Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008, must be labeled with a warning about potential laxative effects.
Pet owners may find relevant a study demonstrating that xylitol is toxic to dogs even in small amounts.
The EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources Added to Food (ANS) has not yet established a specific ADI (acceptable daily intake) for xylitol.
Uses
Food additive E967 is widely used as a sweetener in chewing gums, mint candies, diet desserts, and products intended for people with diabetes.
Sweetener E967 is often added to ice cream, jams, jellies, baked goods, and other food products as a lower-calorie alternative to sugar.
In addition, xylitol is used as an ingredient in toothpaste, mouthwashes, and oral hygiene products due to its anti-cariogenic properties.
Legal Status
Food additive E967 (xylitol) is permitted in most countries worldwide. In the European Union, food additive E967 is authorized for use in foods under Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 on a “quantum satis” basis, meaning that no maximum level is set, provided that good manufacturing practice is followed and only the amount necessary to achieve the intended technological effect is used. It may be applied in many food categories, although certain restrictions apply to soft drinks due to side effects at high intake levels.
In Ukraine, xylitol is listed as a permitted ingredient in the list of food additives in accordance with European legislation.
In the United States, the FDA recognizes xylitol as GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) for food use.
In Canada, Japan, and many other countries, the use of xylitol as a food additive and sweetener is also permitted.