Other names for the additive (synonyms)
General information
The food additive E332(ii) is the most common subtype of the additive E332 (potassium citrates) and is known as tripotassium citrate.
Unlike the subtype E332(i), in the molecule of additive E332(ii) all three hydrogen atoms of the carboxyl groups of citric acid are replaced by potassium atoms. This results in a neutral character of the compound and its high functional activity as a stabilizer and emulsifier.
The chemical formula of additive E332(ii) is K3C6H5O7 (often found in the monohydrate form — K3C6H5O7‧H2O).
The main difference of this subtype is its high solubility in water (significantly higher than that of calcium or sodium analogues) and its ability to effectively bind divalent metal ions, acting as a powerful sequestrant.
Unlike the acidic subtype E332(i), the trisubstituted citrate has an almost neutral or slightly alkaline pH in aqueous solution.
Industrial production of additive E332(ii) is based on the complete neutralization of citric acid. The process uses an excess of potassium hydroxide (KOH) or potassium carbonate (K2CO3) until a fully neutralized salt is formed.
Unlike the subtype E332(i), which is more often used for acidification, E332(ii) is chosen when it is necessary to stabilize a protein matrix or enrich a product with potassium without significantly changing its acidity.
In the dairy industry, additive E332(ii) acts as an effective stabilizer in the production of condensed and powdered milk, cream, and yogurt. It prevents protein coagulation during heat treatment, ensuring texture stability and product homogeneity.
In cheese production, additive E332(ii) is used as an emulsifying salt in processed cheese manufacturing. It promotes the formation of a plastic, homogeneous structure and prevents fat separation during storage.
In functional beverages, this subtype is used due to its high bioavailability of potassium. Additive E332(ii) is included in isotonic drinks and sports nutrition products, helping restore the body’s electrolyte balance.
For more details on the general properties of potassium citrates, their effects on the human body, and references to scientific studies, see the main article on the food additive E332.