Other names for the additive (synonyms)
General Information
Copper complexes of chlorophylls belong to the group of additives additive E141 and are a synthetic green colorant based on plant raw materials, used in the food industry as additive E141(i).
To produce additive E141(i), chlorophylls (additive E140(i)) are used, in which the magnesium ion in the chlorophyll molecule is replaced with a copper ion through chemical reactions.
The raw material comes from green parts of plants — alfalfa, nettle, spinach, broccoli. Various solvents may be used to extract the pigment: acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, dichloromethane, methanol, ethanol, hexane. After solvent treatment (most often ethanol), a complexation stage with copper salts is carried out.
As a result, a compound is obtained that retains an intense emerald green color even during prolonged storage and exposure to external factors. Copper complexes of chlorophylls are much more resistant to heat, light, and acidic environments, which is why the colorant E141(i) is widely used in the food industry.
Externally, additive E141(i) appears as a dark green powder or thick concentrate, well soluble in water-alcohol solutions. The chemical formula depends on the type of the original chlorophyll:
- C55H72CuN4O5 — for copper complexes of chlorophyll a,
- C55H70CuN4O6 — for copper complexes of chlorophyll b.
Effects on the Body
Benefits of additive E141(i)
There are studies confirming that additive E141(i), like chlorophylls, can exhibit antioxidant properties and help reduce oxidative stress. There are studies indicating the possible involvement of copper complexes in binding and neutralizing certain toxins. Additionally, such substances are used in dietary supplements and products for improving skin condition and normalizing digestion.
Risks of additive E141(i)
Despite the plant sources used for production, additive E141(i) contains copper, which requires strict control. Excess copper intake can have toxic effects on the body.
Furthermore, potential risks are associated with residual impurities that may remain after extraction and chemical modification of plant raw materials: organic solvents, pesticides, heavy metals.
In EFSA scientific reviews, it is noted that data on the carcinogenic potential of Cu-chlorophylls are contradictory, so further research is needed. For example, in one study on rats, copper chlorophyll complexes, depending on the dose, may either inhibit or stimulate cancer cell growth.
The ANS Committee (EFSA) concluded that there is no reliable data on absorption, distribution, metabolism, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, as well as reproductive and developmental toxicity of Cu-chlorophylls (additive E141(i)). Therefore, it is impossible to assess their safety as a food additive, and the current acceptable daily intake (ADI) should be withdrawn.
Additive E141(i) is permitted for use in the European Union under the “quantum satis” principle — that is, without a strict maximum dose, provided it is used only in quantities necessary to achieve the technological effect. This approach reflects the general regulatory position: when used correctly, the additive is considered safe, but further toxicological and clinical research remains relevant.
Uses
Additive E141(i) is used primarily as a colorant in fat-containing and alcohol-containing products where a stable green color is required. Main areas of use:
- ice cream and dairy desserts;
- confectionery products, creams, and fillings;
- sauces, seasonings, and marinades;
- beverages (liqueurs, beer-based drinks, cocktails);
- oils and margarines with added greenery.
Legal Status
Additive E141 and its subgroups are included in the list of permitted additives in the European Union according to Regulation (EU) No 1333/2008. Purity parameters and maximum levels of impurities for additive E141(i) are described in Regulation (EU) No 231/2012.
Copper complexes of chlorophylls are permitted for use in most countries worldwide, including Ukraine, Russia, the USA, Canada, and others.