Other names for the additive (synonyms)
General Information
The food additive E904, better known as shellac, belongs to the group of glazing agents. In the food industry, it is used to give products an attractive shine, protect them from drying out, and extend their shelf life.
Shellac is of natural origin. It is obtained from natural raw materials, namely from the secretions of the insect Kerria lacca, which parasitizes the branches of tropical trees mainly in India and countries of Southeast Asia.
While feeding on plant sap, the insects cover the branches with a hard resin, which is collected, dried, and purified from impurities. The raw material is then washed, melted, and filtered, resulting in purified shellac in the form of thin sheets or flakes. After that, shellac is dissolved in approved solvents and used as a coating material.
Shellac has been known to humanity for several centuries. Initially, it was used as a natural varnish and protective coating for wood and musical instruments. Over time, it was discovered that purified shellac is safe when ingested, and its properties are ideal for food and pharmaceutical applications. Thus, it gradually found its place in food products.
From a chemical perspective, E904 is a complex mixture of natural polyesters. It does not have a single defined chemical formula, as its composition may vary slightly depending on the source of raw materials. Shellac is a hard resinous substance of yellowish-brown color, insoluble in water but readily soluble in ethanol and alkaline solutions. It forms a strong, glossy film that is resistant to moisture.
Effects on the Body
Benefit of Additive E904
Shellac is not a natural component of the human body and does not perform any nutritional or biological function. At the same time, it is considered an inert substance that is practically not absorbed.
In 2024, EFSA conducted a re-evaluation of food additive E904 and established an acceptable daily intake (ADI) for dewaxed shellac at 4 mg/kg of body weight per day. According to available data, the use of shellac in permitted amounts does not pose a risk to consumer health.
Risks of Additive E904
In the human body, shellac is practically not broken down. It passes through the digestive tract unchanged and is excreted naturally. Therefore, the risk of accumulation in tissues is considered minimal.
Potential risks are mainly associated with individual sensitivity or allergic reactions, which occur very rarely.
Excessive consumption of products containing glazing agents may cause mild digestive discomfort; however, no serious toxic effects have been reported.
The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) concluded that establishing a specific ADI is not necessary due to the low toxicity of the additive, as stated in its conclusion.
Uses
In the food industry, additive E904 acts as a glazing agent and protective coating. It forms a thin film that gives products shine and reduces contact with air.
Shellac is most commonly used in the production of:
- candies, dragees, and chewing gum;
- chocolate products;
- fruits (apples, citrus fruits) to preserve freshness;
- tablets and capsules in pharmaceuticals;
- dietary supplements.
A specific feature of shellac is its ability to form a strong water-insoluble coating that remains intact in the acidic environment of the stomach but gradually dissolves in the alkaline conditions of the intestines.
Legal Status
Food additive E904 is permitted in most countries, including the EU, Ukraine, the USA, Canada, and Japan.
In the EU, glazing agent E904 is authorized for use in food products in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008.
In Ukraine, the use of additive E904 is regulated by food safety and quality legislation harmonized with EU standards, with mandatory compliance with safety and labeling requirements.
In the United States, the FDA recognizes shellac as GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) for food use.